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Electrocardiography (ECG) is widely used in clinical practice, for example to diagnose coronary artery disease or the cause of chest pain during a stress test, while the patient is running on a treadmill. Ambulatory ECG monitoring is used for long term recording of ECG signals, while the patient carries out his/her daily activities. Artefacts in ECG are caused by the patient's movement, moving cables, interference from outside sources, electromyography (EMG) interference and electrical contact from elsewhere on the body. Most of these artefacts can be minimized by using proper electrode design and ECG circuitry. However, artefacts due to subject's movement are hard to identify and eliminate and can be easily mistaken for symptoms of arrhythmia and the physiological effects of exercise, leading to misdiagnosis and false alarms. This study provides an overview of various ambulatory ECG measurement systems and electrode topologies used for ECG sensing. The challenges associated with ambulatory ECG monitoring and the techniques used to overcome those challenges have also been discussed in this paper.

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This paper presents an analysis of the ionospheric corrections required to get a significant improvement in PPP-RTK performance. The main aim was to determine the improvement in the position precision and time-to-first-fix in the PPP-RTK user side using ionospheric corrections computed from a network. The study consists of two main steps. The first one includes an empirical investigation of the ionosphere model precision necessary to greatly improve the PPP-RTK performance in a simulated environment in terms of precision and convergence time. In the second one, an optimal ionosphere representation was developed to provide precise ionospheric corrections by parameterizing the ionospheric slant delays after the PPP-RTK network processing in terms of ionosphere model coefficients and differential code biases using real GNSS measurements. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be used for reliable regional ionosphere modeling and satellite code bias estimation, due to the consistency of the satellite code bias estimates with those provided from the International GNSS Service Analysis Centres, the high stability of the estimated receiver and satellite code biases and the low least-squares residuals of the network-based ionosphere modeling solution.

Finally, it has been shown that the precision of ionospheric corrections at zenith needs to be better than 5 cm to enable faster PPP-RTK solutions. Download signpost maths 10 52 pdf free download. Models play important roles in the design, simulation and measurement of touch probes. Although existing pre-measuring and empirical models can ensure measuring accuracy and resolution, they are independent of each other. Additionally, pre-measuring models have complex expressions with limited assumptions, while empirical ones ignore the probe's working process. In this paper, a flexible-hinge touch probe with a decoupled Hexflex structure is proposed, and a corresponding three-dimensional (3D) parametric model is established by force-displacement analysis. The decoupled model exhibits a theoretical relationship between the displacement vector (system input), and z-axis-displacement vector (system output).