Yu Shamo Noti

In crossing the desart of Shamo, they stop where water is to be found by a kind. Give notice of approaching noxious winds by stretching their necks, raising a cry. To yu # 4 some say is the same as Shayu } # the sand fish, or shark; others. Read Xiao Meng X Shamo (2) from the story Love Mix by ShaoYeloveBL with 231. Online games they recently play and notices that Shamo level is higher than him. 'Xiao Meng is so selfish and you even helped Xiao Yu make up before.

Animal domestication has resulted in changes in growth and size. It has been suggested that this may have involved selection for differences in appetite. Divergent growth between chickens selected for egg laying or meat production is one such example.

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The neurons expressing AGRP and POMC in the basal hypothalamus are important components of appetite regulation, as are the satiety feedback pathways that carry information from the intestine, including CCK and its receptor CCKAR (CCK 1 receptor). Using 16 generations of a cross between a fast and a relatively slow growing strain of chicken has identified a region on chromosome 4 downstream of the CCKAR gene, which is responsible for up to a 19% difference in body weight at 12 wk of age. Animals possessing the high-growth haplotype at the locus have lower expression of mRNA and immunoreactive CCKAR in the brain, intestine, and exocrine organs, which is correlated with increased levels of orexigenic AGRP in the hypothalamus. Animals with the high-growth haplotype are resistant to the anorectic effect of exogenously administered CCK, suggesting that their satiety set point has been altered. Comparison with traditional breeds shows that the high-growth haplotype has been present in the founders of modern meat-type strains and may have been selected early in domestication. This is the first dissection of the physiological consequences of a genetic locus for a quantitative trait that alters appetite and gives us an insight into the domestication of animals.

This will allow elucidation of how differences in appetite occur in birds and also mammals. It has been hypothesized that appetite has been modified as part of the domestication process to increase food intake and facilitate increased growth in birds (,, ) and mammals () in the pursuit of increased efficiency and rapid growth. Normally, appetite is regulated to ensure an optimal body weight and adiposity; however, there is clearly genetic variation in the “set point” for body weight (), and different set points may be favored in different environments (). The appetite control system includes central and peripheral systems (). Activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus or its equivalent in birds results in weight loss through a reduction in appetite (, ); activation of agouti-related protein (AGRP)-containing neurons antagonizes the effect of POMC through the melanocortin MC4 receptor, and therefore, they are orexigenic or appetite promoting. A number of peripheral systems feed back to these neurons to determine the level of food intake and ultimately the growth of an animal.

These include adiposity signals such as insulin, gut peptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY and the afferent vagus (). In mammals leptin participates in the feedback, but in the chicken this system is absent (), and the action of ghrelin on food intake has been shown to be the opposite of that found in mammals (). Utilizing a cross of fast- and relatively slow-growing chicken strains, it has been possible to map genetic loci [quantitative trait loci (QTL)] for growth characteristics (, ), the most significant of which is on chromosome 4. Using an advanced intercross between a fast-growing broiler strain and a relatively slow-growing egg laying strain, we have narrowed down the region and identified the expression of the CCK type A receptor (CCKAR) gene as the candidate for differences in growth at the locus on chromosome 4. In mammals, CCK acts predominately on the G protein-coupled receptor CCKAR (HUGO and Chicken Gene Nomenclature Consortium; ), also known as the CCK 1 receptor (IUPHAR nomenclature), to reduce food intake and increase satiety (). In birds, although it is well established that exogenous CCK inhibits short-term food intake (), experiments with CCK receptor antagonists have been inconclusive ().

Our study provides new evidence for the location of CCKAR within the avian brain and shows that CCKAR is less abundant in birds carrying the high-growth allele. Peripheral signaling of satiety is altered between the genotypes, resulting in reduced sensitivity to the CCK satiety signal.